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'''Intersex''' people are individuals born with any of several [[sex characteristics]] including [[chromosome patterns]], [[gonads]], or [[genitals]] that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical [[sex binary|binary]] notions of [[male]] or [[female]] bodies".

[[Sex assignment at birth]] usually aligns with a child's [[anatomical sex]] and [[sex phenotype|phenotype]]. The number of births with [[ambiguous genitals]] is in the range of 1:4500–1:2000 (0.02%–0.05%). Other conditions involve atypical chromosomes, gonads, or hormones. Some persons may be [[assigned gender|assigned]] and [[Gender of rearing|raised]] as a girl or boy but then identify with another gender later in life, while most continue to identify with their assigned sex. The number of births where the baby is intersex has been reported differently depending on who reports and which definition of intersex is used. Anne Fausto-Sterling and her co-authors suggest that the prevalence of "nondimorphic sexual development" might be as high as 1.7%. A study published by Leonard Sax reports that this figure includes conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) which most clinicians do not recognize as intersex, and that if the term is understood to mean only "conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female", the prevalence of intersex is about 0.018%.

Terms used to describe intersex people are contested, and change over time and place. Intersex people were previously referred to as "hermaphrodites" or "congenital eunuchs". In the 19th and 20th centuries, some medical experts devised new nomenclature in an attempt to classify the characteristics that they had observed, the first attempt to create a taxonomic classification system of intersex conditions. Intersex people were categorized as either having "true hermaphroditism", "female pseudohermaphroditism", or "male pseudohermaphroditism". These terms are no longer used, and terms including the word "hermaphrodite" are considered to be misleading, stigmatizing, and scientifically specious in reference to humans. In biology, the term "hermaphrodite" is used to describe an organism that can produce both male and female gametes. Some people with intersex traits use the term "intersex", and some prefer other language.<sup>[''page range too broad'']</sup> In clinical settings, the term "disorders of sex development" (DSD) has been used since 2006, a shift in language considered controversial since its introduction.

Intersex people face stigmatization and discrimination from birth, or following the discovery of intersex traits at stages of development such as puberty. Intersex people may face infanticide, abandonment, and stigmatization from their families. Globally, some intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, are surgically or hormonally altered to create more socially acceptable sex characteristics. This is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of favorable outcomes. Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment. Increasingly, these issues are considered human rights abuses, with statements from international and national human rights and ethics institutions. Intersex organizations have also issued statements about human rights violations, including the 2013 Malta declaration of the third International Intersex Forum. In 2011, Christiane Völling became the first intersex person known to have successfully sued for damages in a case brought for non-consensual surgical intervention. In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people.

==Intersex and LGBT==
Intersex conditions can be contrasted with [[transgender]] [[gender identity|gender identities]] and the attached [[gender dysphoria]] a transgender person may feel, wherein their gender identity does not match their assigned sex.<ref name="coeres1952">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20057&lang=en |title=Children's right to physical integrity |last=Rupprecht |first=Marlene |publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226081751/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20057&lang=en |archive-date=December 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://interactyouth.org/post/100048044990/laverne-cox-is-on-this-weeks-faking-it-in-honor |title=Trans? Intersex? Explained! |publisher=[[interACT]] |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018091459/http://interactyouth.org/post/100048044990/laverne-cox-is-on-this-weeks-faking-it-in-honor |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://oii.org.au/18194/differences-intersex-trans/ |title=Basic differences between intersex and trans |publisher=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] |access-date=2013-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904081530/http://oii.org.au/18194/differences-intersex-trans/ |archive-date=4 September 2014 |df=dmy-all |date=2011-06-03 }}</ref> However, some people are both intersex and transgender; though intersex people by definition have variable sex characteristics that do not align with either typically male or female, this may be considered separate to an individual's assigned gender, the way they are raised and perceived, and their internal gender identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intersexday.org/en/mauro-cabral-marks-bodies/ |title=The marks on our bodies |date=October 25, 2015 |website=Intersex Day |access-date=January 1, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405220557/http://intersexday.org/en/mauro-cabral-marks-bodies/ |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> A 2012 clinical review paper found that between 8.5% and 20% of people with intersex variations experienced gender dysphoria.<ref name="furtado">{{cite journal | author = Furtado P. S.| year = 2012 | title = Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development | journal = Nat. Rev. Urol. | volume = 9 | issue = 11| pages = 620–627 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2012.182 |display-authors=etal | pmid=23045263| s2cid = 22294512 }}</ref>

The relationship of intersex people and communities to LGBTQ communities is complex,<ref>{{cite web |last=Dreger |first=Alice |title=Reasons to Add and Reasons NOT to Add "I" (Intersex) to LGBT in Healthcare |date=4 May 2015 |url=https://www.aamc.org/download/431576/data/reasonsdeck.pdf |publisher=[[Association of American Medical Colleges]] |access-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609230211/https://www.aamc.org/download/431576/data/reasonsdeck.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> but intersex people are often added to the [[LGBT]] acronym, resulting in the acronym LGBTI (or when also including [[Asexuality|asexual]] people, LGBTQIA+<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=2018-06-21 |title=The ABCs of L.G.B.T.Q.I.A.+ |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/style/lgbtq-gender-language.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>). Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Koyama| first = Emi| title = Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?| work = Intersex Initiative| url = http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/lgbti.html| access-date = 18 May 2016| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160517075057/http://www.intersexinitiative.org/articles/lgbti.html| archive-date = 17 May 2016| df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]] states that some intersex individuals are homosexual, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms."<ref>{{cite web | title = Intersex for allies | url = http://oii.org.au/allies | date = 21 November 2012 | access-date = 18 May 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160607042937/http://oii.org.au/allies/ | archive-date = 7 June 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/oii-releases-new-resource-on-intersex-issues-13999.html |title=OII RELEASES NEW RESOURCE ON INTERSEX ISSUES |last=Busby |first=Cec |publisher=[[Intersex Human Rights Australia]] |date=June 1, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606202143/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/oii-releases-new-resource-on-intersex-issues-13999.html |archive-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> [[Julius Kaggwa]] of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".<ref name="Kaggwa2016">{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Kaggwa| first = Julius| title = I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous| work = [[The Guardian]]| access-date = 2016-10-03| date = 19 September 2016| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/intersex-ugandan-lgbt-gay-rights-life-never-felt-more-dangerous| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006015137/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/16/intersex-ugandan-lgbt-gay-rights-life-never-felt-more-dangerous| archive-date = 6 October 2016| df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Mauro Cabral]] has written that transgender people and organizations "need to stop approaching intersex issues as if they were trans issues", including use of intersex conditions and people as a means of explaining being transgender; "we can collaborate a lot with the intersex movement by making it clear how wrong that approach is".<ref name="cabral-2016">{{cite web |title = IAD2016: A Message from Mauro Cabral |publisher=[[GATE (organization)|Global Action for Trans Equality]] |access-date=January 1, 2021 |date=October 26, 2016 |url=https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103133403/https://transactivists.org/2016/10/26/iad2016-a-message-from-mauro-cabral/ |archive-date=November 3, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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[[Category:Sex]]

Intersexual - Revision history

imported>Urmother57: Adding categories