https://gend3r.com/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=BissuBissu - Revision history2026-04-06T21:46:51ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.8https://gend3r.com/index.php?title=Bissu&diff=1214&oldid=previmported>Miiohau: adding links2024-11-29T23:23:22Z<p>adding links</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{stub}}== Common Definitions ==<br />
'''Bissu''' is a [[gender identity]] and [[Gender role|role]] in the Bugis culture in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is one of [[Third Gender|five genders]] recognized in Bugis culture. The other four are [[oroané]] (roughly equivalent to [[cisgender]] [[men]]), [[makkunrai]] (roughly equivalent to [[cisgender]] [[women]]), [[calabai]] (roughly equivalent to [[trans women]]) and [[calalai]] (roughly equivalent to [[trans men]]).<br />
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In the pre-Islamic Bugis religion, Attoriolong, bissu act as spiritual leaders meant to uphold cultural norms and create religious works. Originating from the word “bessi,” literally meaning pure or holy, bissu are expected to be ascetics, refraining from relationships and many foods. Similarly, bissu are expected to be neither overly masculine or feminine, instead they are obligated to represent all parts of [[gender]] combined into one whole. Although a few bissu are [[intersex]], the majority come from the highest rank of calabai, the calabai tungke’na lino. <br />
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There are many levels of Bissu, ranging from the 40 Bissu tanre to the lower level Bissu poncok. Bissu differs significantly from other gender identities, and is often identified more as a religious duty or calling.<br />
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== Challenges ==<br />
In recent times bissu number have been declining. Due to repression both during and [https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru following] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies colonial period], calabai, calalai and bissu remain a small fraction of the population. Many of the religious practices connected to bissu, including the fasting and irebba ritual involved in initiation, have already begun to change, or in some cases disappear. <br />
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Additionally, in other regions of Sulawesi and wider Indonesia, calabai, calalai and bissu face discrimination similar to that faced by warias ([[Trans Woman|trans women]] in Indonesia) and priawans ([[trans men]] in Indonesia).<br />
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Furthermore, even in Bugis communities, strict [[Gender Roles|gender roles]] still exist, with both Calabai and Makkunrai generally relegated to domestic duties. <br />
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== References ==<br />
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* [https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5206492/tak-cuma-pria-dan-wanita-ada-3-gender-lain-di-suku-bugis Tak Cuma Pria dan Wanita, Ada 3 Gender Lain di Suku Bugis (Liputan6)]<br />
* [https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/sosietas/article/view/12499 Identitas dan Peran Gender pada Masyarakat Suku Bugis (Nurohim, Sri)]<br />
* [https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=paradigma Decolonizing Gender Identities in Indonesia: A Study of Bissu ‘The Trans-Religious Leader’ in Bugis People (Ismoyo, Petsy)]<br />
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[[Category:Non-Western Genders]]<br />
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